@article{a, author = {Beattie, James R. and Federrath, Christoph and Klessen, Ralf S and Schneider, Nicola}, title = "{The relation between the turbulent Mach number and observed fractal dimensions of turbulent clouds}", journal = {\mnras}, volume = {488}, number = {2}, pages = {2493-2502}, year = {2019}, month = {07}, issn = {0035-8711}, doi = {10.1093/mnras/stz1853} } @article{b, author = {Beattie, James R. and Federrath, Christoph and Klessen, Ralf S}, title = "{The relation between the true and observed fractal dimensions of turbulent clouds}", journal = {\mnras}, volume = {487}, number = {2}, pages = {2070-2081}, year = {2019}, month = {05}, issn = {0035-8711}, doi = {10.1093/mnras/stz1416} } @ARTICLE{2024arXiv240516626B, author = {{Beattie}, James R. and {Federrath}, Christoph and {Klessen}, Ralf S. and {Cielo}, Salvatore and {Bhattacharjee}, Amitava}, title = "{Magnetized compressible turbulence with a fluctuation dynamo and Reynolds numbers over a million}", journal = {arXiv e-prints}, keywords = {Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Physics - Computational Physics, Physics - Fluid Dynamics, Physics - Plasma Physics}, year = 2024, month = may, eid = {arXiv:2405.16626}, pages = {arXiv:2405.16626}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2405.16626}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {2405.16626}, primaryClass = {astro-ph.GA}, adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024arXiv240516626B}, adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} } @article{c, author = {McCool, C., and Beattie, J. R., and Milford, M and Bakker J. D., Moore, J. L. and Firn, J.}, title = {Automating analysis of vegetation with computer vision: Cover estimates and classification}, journal = {Ecology and Evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, pages = {6005-6015}, keywords = {automation, computer vision, image analysis, visual cover estimate}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.4135}, year = {2018} } @inproceedings{d, pages = {1--10}, title = {Automated sensory data alignment for environmental and epidermal change monitoring}, address = {The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia}, author = {Michael Milford and Jennifer Firn and James Beattie and Adam Jacobson and Edward Pepperell and Eugene Mason and Michael Kimlin and Matthew Dunbabin}, booktitle = {Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation 2014}, publisher = {Australian Robotic and Automation Association}, month = {December}, year = {2014}, url = {https://eprints.qut.edu.au/81684/} } @ARTICLE{e, author={McCool, C. and Beattie, J. R. and Firn, J. and Lehnert, C. and Kulk, J. and Bawden, O. and Russell, R. and Perez, T.}, journal={IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters}, title={Efficacy of Mechanical Weeding Tools: A Study Into Alternative Weed Management Strategies Enabled by Robotics}, year={2018}, volume={3}, number={2}, pages={1184-1190}, doi={10.1109/LRA.2018.2794619}, ISSN={2377-3766}, month={April} } @ARTICLE{f, author = {{Beattie}, James R. and {Mocz}, Philip and {Federrath}, Christoph and {Klessen}, Ralf S.}, title = "{A multishock model for the density variance of anisotropic, highly magnetized, supersonic turbulence}", journal = {\mnras}, keywords = {MHD, turbulence, ISM: kinematics and dynamics, ISM: magnetic fields, ISM: structure, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Physics - Fluid Dynamics}, year = 2021, month = jul, volume = {504}, number = {3}, pages = {4354-4368}, doi = {10.1093/mnras/stab1037}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {2102.00629}, primaryClass = {astro-ph.GA}, adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MNRAS.504.4354B}, adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} } @ARTICLE{2020MNRAS.498.1593B, author = {Beattie, James R. and Federrath, Christoph and Seta, Amit}, title = "{Magnetic field fluctuations in anisotropic, supersonic turbulence}", journal = {\mnras}, keywords = {MHD, turbulence, ISM: kinematics and dynamics, ISM: magnetic fields, ISM: structure, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Physics - Fluid Dynamics}, year = 2020, month = aug, volume = {498}, number = {2}, pages = {1593-1608}, doi = {10.1093/mnras/staa2257}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {2007.13937}, primaryClass = {astro-ph.GA}, adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MNRAS.498.1593B}, adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} } @article{g, author = {Thomas, Morgan L. and Baker, Lynn and Beattie, James R. and Baker, Andrew M.}, title = {Determining the efficacy of camera traps, live capture traps, and detection dogs for locating cryptic small mammal species}, journal = {Ecology and Evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {1054-1068}, keywords = {2nd_author}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.5972}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ece3.5972}, eprint = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ece3.5972}, year = {2020} } @ARTICLE{h, author = {{Beattie}, James R. and {Federrath}, Christoph}, title = "{Filaments and striations: anisotropies in observed, supersonic, highly magnetized turbulent clouds}", journal = {\mnras}, keywords = {MHD, turbulence, ISM: clouds, ISM: kinematics and dynamics, ISM: magnetic fields, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies}, year = 2020, month = feb, volume = {492}, number = {1}, pages = {668-685}, doi = {10.1093/mnras/stz3377}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {1911.13090}, primaryClass = {astro-ph.GA}, adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MNRAS.492..668B}, adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} } @ARTICLE{n, author = {{Beattie}, James R. and {Kriel}, Neco}, title = "{Is The Starry Night Turbulent?}", journal = {arXiv e-prints}, keywords = {Physics - Popular Physics, Physics - Fluid Dynamics}, year = 2019, month = feb, pages = {arXiv:1902.03381}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {1902.03381}, primaryClass = {physics.pop-ph}, adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019arXiv190203381B}, adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} } @ARTICLE{2023arXiv231203984B, author = {{Beattie}, James R. and {Federrath}, Christoph and {Kriel}, Neco and {Hew}, Justin Kin Jun and {Bhattacharjee}, Amitava}, title = "{Taking control of compressible modes: bulk viscosity and the turbulent dynamo}", journal = {arXiv e-prints}, keywords = {Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Physics - Plasma Physics}, year = 2023, month = dec, eid = {arXiv:2312.03984}, pages = {arXiv:2312.03984}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2312.03984}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {2312.03984}, primaryClass = {astro-ph.GA}, adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023arXiv231203984B}, adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} } @ARTICLE{o, author = {{Federrath}, Christoph and {Klessen}, Ralf S. and {Iapichino}, Luigi and {Beattie}, James R.}, title = "{The sonic scale of interstellar turbulence}", journal = {Nature Astronomy}, keywords = {Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Physics - Computational Physics, Physics - Fluid Dynamics}, year = 2021, month = jan, volume = {5}, pages = {365-371}, doi = {10.1038/s41550-020-01282-z}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {2011.06238}, primaryClass = {astro-ph.GA}, adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatAs...5..365F}, adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} } @ARTICLE{p, author = {{Skalidis}, R. and {Sternberg}, J. and {Beattie}, J.~R. and {Pavlidou}, V. and {Tassis}, K.}, title = "{Why take the square root? An assessment of interstellar magnetic field strength estimation methods}", journal = {\aap}, keywords = {magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), ISM: magnetic fields, polarization, turbulence, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies}, year = 2021, month = dec, volume = {656}, eid = {A118}, pages = {A118}, doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/202142045}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {2109.10925}, primaryClass = {astro-ph.GA}, adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021A&A...656A.118S}, adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} } @ARTICLE{q, author = {{Beattie}, James R. and {Federrath}, Christoph and {Kriel}, Neco and {Mocz}, Philip and {Seta}, Amit}, title = "{Growth or decay -- I: universality of the turbulent dynamo saturation}", journal = {arXiv e-prints}, keywords = {Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies}, year = 2023, month = sep, pages = {arXiv:2209.10749}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {2209.10749}, primaryClass = {astro-ph.GA}, adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022arXiv220910749B}, adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}, } @ARTICLE{r, author = {{Sharda}, Piyush and {Menon}, Shyam H. and {Federrath}, Christoph and {Krumholz}, Mark R. and {Beattie}, James R. and {Jameson}, Katherine E. and {Tokuda}, Kazuki and {Burkhart}, Blakesley and {Crocker}, Roland M. and {Law}, Charles J. and {Seta}, Amit and {Gaetz}, Terrance J. and {Pingel}, Nickolas M. and {Seitenzahl}, Ivo R. and {Sano}, Hidetoshi and {Fukui}, Yasuo}, title = "{First extragalactic measurement of the turbulence driving parameter: ALMA observations of the star-forming region N159E in the Large Magellanic Cloud}", journal = {\mnras}, keywords = {turbulence, stars: formation, ISM: evolution, ISM: kinematics and dynamics, Magellanic Clouds, radio lines: ISM, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics}, year = 2022, month = jan, volume = {509}, number = {2}, pages = {2180-2193}, doi = {10.1093/mnras/stab3048}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {2109.03983}, primaryClass = {astro-ph.GA}, adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022MNRAS.509.2180S}, adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} } @article{s, author = {Beattie, James R and Mocz, Philip and Federrath, Christoph and Klessen, Ralf S}, title = "{The density distribution and physical origins of intermittency in supersonic, highly magnetised turbulence with diverse modes of driving}", journal = {\mnras}, year = {2022}, month = {10}, abstract = "{The probability density function (PDF) of the logarithmic density contrast, s = ln (ρ/ρ0), with gas density ρ and mean density ρ0, for hydrodynamical supersonic turbulence is well-known to have significant non-Gaussian (intermittent) features that monotonically increase with the turbulent Mach number, \\$\\operatorname\\{\\mathcal \\{M\\}\\}\\$. By studying the mass- and volume-weighted s-PDF for an ensemble of 36 sub-to-trans-Alfv́enic mean-field, supersonic, isothermal turbulence simulations with different modes of driving, relevant to molecular gas in the cool interstellar medium, we show that a more intricate picture emerges for the non-Gaussian nature of s. Using four independent measures of the non-Gaussian components, we find hydrodynamical-like structure in the highly magnetised plasma for \\$\\mathcal \\{M\\} \\lesssim 4\\$. However, for \\$\\mathcal \\{M\\} \\gtrsim 4\\$, the non-Gaussian signatures disappear, leaving approximately Gaussian s-statistics – exactly the opposite of hydrodynamical turbulence in the high-\\$\\mathcal \\{M\\}\\$ limit. We also find that the non-Gaussian components of the PDF increase monotonically with more compressive driving modes. To understand the \\$\\mathcal \\{M\\} \\lesssim 4\\$ non-Gaussian features we use one-dimensional (1D) pencil beams to explore the dynamics along and across the large-scale magnetic field, \\$\\operatorname\\{\\mathrm\\{\\{\\boldsymbol \\{\\mathit \\{B\\}\\}\\}\\}\_0\\}\\$. We discuss kinetic, density and magnetic field fluctuations from the pencil beams, and identify physical sources of non-Gaussian components to the PDF as single, strong shocks coupled to fast magnetosonic compressions that form along \\$\\operatorname\\{\\mathrm\\{\\{\\boldsymbol \\{\\mathit \\{B\\}\\}\\}\\}\_0\\}\\$. We discuss the Gaussianisation of the \\$\\mathcal \\{M\\} \\gtrsim 4\\$s-fields through the lens of two phenomenologies: the self-similarity of the s-field and homogenisation of the dynamical timescales between the over- and under-dense regions in the compressible gas.}", issn = {0035-8711}, doi = {10.1093/mnras/stac3005}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac3005}, eprint = {https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/mnras/stac3005/46606674/stac3005.pdf} } @ARTICLE{t...929...54S, author = {{Seligman}, Darryl Z. and {Rogers}, Leslie A. and {Feinstein}, Adina D. and {Krumholz}, Mark R. and {Beattie}, James R. and {Federrath}, Christoph and {Adams}, Fred C. and {Fatuzzo}, Marco and {G{\"u}nther}, Maximilian N.}, title = "{Theoretical and Observational Evidence for Coriolis Effects in Coronal Magnetic Fields via Direct Current Driven Flaring Events}", journal = {\apj}, keywords = {Emerging flux tubes, Solar dynamo, Solar magnetic reconnection, Optical flares, 458, 2001, 1504, 1166, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics}, year = 2022, month = apr, volume = {929}, number = {1}, eid = {54}, pages = {54}, doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/ac5b69}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {2201.03697}, primaryClass = {astro-ph.SR}, adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ApJ...929...54S}, adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} } @ARTICLE{u, author = {{Beattie}, James R. and {Krumholz}, Mark R. and {Skalidis}, Raphael and {Federrath}, Christoph and {Seta}, Amit and {Crocker}, Roland M. and {Mocz}, Philip and {Kriel}, Neco}, title = "{Energy balance and Alfv{\'e}n Mach numbers in compressible magnetohydrodynamic turbulence with a large-scale magnetic field}", journal = {\mnras}, keywords = {MHD, turbulence, ISM: kinematics and dynamics, ISM: magnetic fields, dynamo, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Physics - Fluid Dynamics, Physics - Plasma Physics}, year = 2022, month = jul, doi = {10.1093/mnras/stac2099}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {2202.13020}, primaryClass = {astro-ph.GA}, adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022MNRAS.tmp.2006B}, adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} } @article{v, author = {{Schneider, N.} and {Ossenkopf-Okada, V.} and {Clarke, S.} and {Klessen, R. S.} and {Kabanovic, S.} and {Veltchev, T.} and {Bontemps, S.} and {Dib, S.} and {Csengeri, T.} and {Federrath, C.} and {Di Francesco, J.} and {Motte, F.} and {Andr\'e, Ph.} and {Arzoumanian, D.} and {Beattie, J. R.} and {Bonne, L.} and {Didelon, P.} and {Elia, D.} and {K\"onyves, V.} and {Kritsuk, A.} and {Ladjelate, B.} and {Myers, Ph.} and {Pezzuto, S.} and {Robitaille, J. F.} and {Roy, A.} and {Seifried, D.} and {Simon, R.} and {Soler, J.} and {Ward-Thompson, D.}}, title = {Understanding star formation in molecular clouds - IV. Column density PDFs from quiescent to massive molecular clouds}, DOI= "10.1051/0004-6361/202039610", url= "https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039610", journal = {A\&A}, year = 2022, volume = 666, pages = "A165", keywords = {Published} } @ARTICLE{w, author = {{Kriel}, Neco and {Beattie}, James R. and {Seta}, Amit and {Federrath}, Christoph}, title = "{Fundamental scales in the kinematic phase of the turbulent dynamo}", journal = {\mnras}, keywords = {dynamo, MHD, magnetic fields, turbulence, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Physics - Fluid Dynamics, Physics - Plasma Physics, 85-10}, year = 2022, month = apr, doi = {10.1093/mnras/stac969}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {2204.00828}, primaryClass = {astro-ph.SR}, adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022MNRAS.tmp..948K}, adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} } @ARTICLE{x, AUTHOR={Beattie, James R. and Krumholz, Mark R. and Federrath, Christoph and Sampson, Matt L. and Crocker, Roland M.}, TITLE={Ion alfvén velocity fluctuations and implications for the diffusion of streaming cosmic rays}, JOURNAL={Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences}, VOLUME={9}, YEAR={2022}, URL={https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspas.2022.900900}, DOI={10.3389/fspas.2022.900900}, ISSN={2296-987X}, ABSTRACT={The interstellar medium (ISM) of star-forming galaxies is magnetized and turbulent. Cosmic rays (CRs) propagate through it, and those with energies from ∼ GeV − TeV are likely subject to the streaming instability, whereby the wave damping processes balances excitation of resonant ionic Alfvén waves by the CRs, reaching an equilibrium in which the propagation speed of the CRs is very close to the local ion Alfvén velocity. The transport of streaming CRs is therefore sensitive to ionic Alfvén velocity fluctuations. In this paper we systematically study these fluctuations using a large ensemble of compressible MHD turbulence simulations. We show that for sub-Alfvénic turbulence, as applies for a strongly magnetized ISM, the ionic Alfvén velocity probability density function (PDF) is determined solely by the density fluctuations from shocked gas forming parallel to the magnetic field, and we develop analytical models for the ionic Alfvén velocity PDF up to second moments. For super-Alfvénic turbulence, magnetic and density fluctuations are correlated in complex ways, and these correlations as well as contributions from the magnetic fluctuations sets the ionic Alfvén velocity PDF. We discuss the implications of these findings for underlying “macroscopic” diffusion mechanisms in CRs undergoing the streaming instability, including modeling the macroscopic diffusion coefficient for the parallel transport in sub-Alfvénic plasmas. We also describe how, for highly-magnetized turbulent gas, the gas density PDF, and hence column density PDF, can be used to access information about ionic Alfvén velocity structure from observations of the magnetized ISM.} } @ARTICLE{2023MNRAS.519.1503S, author = {{Sampson}, Matt L. and {Beattie}, James R. and {Krumholz}, Mark R. and {Crocker}, Roland M. and {Federrath}, Christoph and {Seta}, Amit}, title = "{Turbulent diffusion of streaming cosmic rays in compressible, partially ionized plasma}", journal = {\mnras}, keywords = {magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), turbulence, methods: numerical, (ISM:) cosmic rays, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena}, year = 2023, month = feb, volume = {519}, number = {1}, pages = {1503-1525}, doi = {10.1093/mnras/stac3207}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {2205.08174}, primaryClass = {astro-ph.GA}, adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023MNRAS.519.1503S}, adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} } @article{zora217878, volume = {5}, month = {March}, author = {Anita C Risch and Deborah S Page-Dumroese and Anna K Schweiger and James R Beattie and Mike P Curran and Lena Fin{\'e}r and Yongjian Liu and Martin Sch{\"u}tz and Tom A Terry and Weiwei Wang and Martin F Jurgensen}, title = {Controls of Initial Wood Decomposition on and in Forest Soils Using Standard Material}, publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation}, journal = {Frontiers in Forests and Global Change}, pages = {829810}, year = {2022}, language = {english}, url = {https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-217878}, issn = {2624-893X}, abstract = {Forest ecosystems sequester approximately half of the world?s organic carbon (C), most of it in the soil. The amount of soil C stored depends on the input and decomposition rate of soil organic matter (OM), which is controlled by the abundance and composition of the microbial and invertebrate communities, soil physico-chemical properties, and (micro)-climatic conditions. Although many studies have assessed how these site-specific climatic and soil properties affect the decomposition of fresh OM, differences in the type and quality of the OM substrate used, make it difficult to compare and extrapolate results across larger scales. Here, we used standard wood stakes made from aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) to explore how climate and abiotic soil properties affect wood decomposition across 44 unharvested forest stands located across the northern hemisphere. Stakes were placed in three locations: (i) on top of the surface organic horizons (surface), (ii) at the interface between the surface organic horizons and mineral soil (interface), and (iii) into the mineral soil (mineral). Decomposition rates of both wood species was greatest for mineral stakes and lowest for stakes placed on the surface organic horizons, but aspen stakes decomposed faster than pine stakes. Our models explained 44 and 36\% of the total variation in decomposition for aspen surface and interface stakes, but only 0.1\% (surface), 12\% (interface), 7\% (mineral) for pine, and 7\% for mineral aspen stakes. Generally, air temperature was positively, precipitation negatively related to wood stake decomposition. Climatic variables were stronger predictors of decomposition than soil properties (surface C:nitrogen ratio, mineral C concentration, and pH), regardless of stake location or wood species. However, climate-only models failed in explaining wood decomposition, pointing toward the importance of including local-site properties when predicting wood decomposition. The difficulties we had in explaining the variability in wood decomposition, especially for pine and mineral soil stakes, highlight the need to continue assessing drivers of decomposition across large global scales to better understand and estimate surface and belowground C cycling, and understand the drivers and mechanisms that affect C pools, CO2 emissions, and nutrient cycles.}, doi = {10.3389/ffgc.2022.829810} } @ARTICLE{2023arXiv231017036K, author = {{Kriel}, Neco and {Beattie}, James R. and {Federrath}, Christoph and {Krumholz}, Mark R. and {Hew}, Justin Kin Jun}, title = "{Fundamental MHD scales -- II: the kinematic phase of the supersonic small-scale dynamo}", journal = {arXiv e-prints}, keywords = {Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Physics - Fluid Dynamics, Physics - Plasma Physics}, year = 2023, month = oct, eid = {arXiv:2310.17036}, pages = {arXiv:2310.17036}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2310.17036}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {2310.17036}, primaryClass = {astro-ph.GA}, adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023arXiv231017036K}, adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} } @article{Birch2023, author = {Marcus Birch and James R. Beattie and Francis Bennet and Nicholas Rattenbury and Michael Copeland and Tony Travouillon and Kate Ferguson and John Cater and Mikhael Sayat}, journal = {J. Opt. Commun. Netw.}, keywords = {Atmospheric turbulence; Computation methods; Free space optics; Optical networks; Remote sensing; Temporal resolution}, number = {7}, pages = {415--430}, publisher = {Optica Publishing Group}, title = {Availability, outage, and capacity of spatially correlated, Australasian free-space optical networks}, volume = {15}, month = {Jul}, year = {2023}, url = {https://opg.optica.org/jocn/abstract.cfm?URI=jocn-15-7-415}, doi = {10.1364/JOCN.480805}, abstract = {Network capacity and reliability for free space optical communication (FSOC) is strongly driven by ground station availability, which is dominated by local cloud cover causing an outage. Here, we combine remote sensing data and novel methods to provide a generalized framework for assessing and optimizing optical ground station networks. This work is guided by an example network of eight Australian and New Zealand optical communication ground stations that span approximately 60\&\#x00B0; in longitude and 20\&\#x00B0; in latitude. Utilizing time-dependent cloud cover data from five satellites, we present a detailed analysis that determines the network availability and diversity, which showed that the Australasian region is well-suited for an optical network with a 69\% average site availability and low spatial cloud cover correlations. Employing methods from computational neuroscience, we provide a Monte Carlo method for sampling the joint probability distribution of site availabilities for an arbitrarily sized and point-wise correlated network of ground stations. Furthermore, we develop a general heuristic for site selection under availability and correlation optimizations and combine it with orbital propagation simulations to compare the data capacity between optimized networks and the example network. We show that the example network may be capable of providing tens of terabits per day to a low Earth orbit satellite and up to 99.97\% reliability to geostationary satellites. We therefore used the Australasian region to demonstrate, to the best of our knowledge, novel, generalized tools for assessing and optimizing FSOC ground station networks, as well as the suitability of the region for hosting such a network.} }